A MANUAL OF 
CIVICS 



STUDENTS' EDITION 
PRICE 35 CTS. 


PUBLISHED BY 
THE J. J. KRAPS CO. 
SALEM, OREGON 

































































































































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A MANUAL OF 

CDVBCS 

Student’s Edition 


Published By 

The J. J. KRAPS CO. 

SALEM, - - , - , - ■ OREGON 
















Copyright 1922 
BY 

The J. J. Kraps Co. 


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The great art of all arts, and the one least prized is ability 
to express one’s thoughts in clear and correct language. This, to¬ 
gether with the lack of power to get knowledge from the printed 
page, is a great weakness of most pupils in our schools, and of many 
teachers. 

"Exact teaching cultivates clear thinking and exact 
expression on the part of pupils. Indifferent teaching 
encourages careless thinking and slovenly expression.” 

(J. N. Patrick.) 

This manual is intended for supplementary work, and will 
be an excellent aid in all reviews. 






iULPJLSUJULftiLaJl 







2 


\ MillNlliVl OF CIVICS 


1. Define city. 

A city is a thickly settled coninuinity having a special 
form of government under a e/iarter from the State. 

2. Name three causes of the growth of cities. 

1. The development of the factory system. 

2. The increased use of machinery. 

3. Railroads. 

3. Define government. 

Government is the authority which imposes rules upon 
the conduct of men, and punishes those who disobey. 

Also see state text. 

4. Define sovereignty. 

Sovereignty is the supreme and unlimited power to form 
and administer government. 

5. Define constitution. 

Constitution is the supreme law of the land. 

6. Explain two kinds of constitution. 

1. Written — A fundamental law expressing the most vi¬ 
tal facts about the form and powers of its government. 

2. Unwritten —Composed chiefly of political documents, 
customs handed down from the past, etc. 

7. Name the different forms of national government. 

1. Monarchy: Government hy one person. 

2. Oligarchy: Government by a few persons. 

3. Aristocracy: Government by the wealthy. 

4. Democracy: Government by the people. 

5. Republic: Government hy the people through representa¬ 
tives whom they elect. 

8. Define confederation. 

A government in which the central power is relatively 
weak. 

9. Define federation. 

A government in which the central power is extensive 
and strong. 


A MANUAL OF CIVICS 


5 


10. Name three departments of government. 

1. Legislative, or law making. 

2. Executive, or law enforcing. 

3. Judicial, or law interpreting. 

11. Define citizen. 

Any person born or naturalized in the United States is a 
citizen of the United States. 

12. Define alien. 

An alien is a foreign born resident of a country who has 
not given allegiance to its government. 

13. Name the five ways by which persons have received Ameri¬ 
can citizenship. 

1. By birth in the United States. 

2. By being born of American parents who were living 
abroad.' 

3. By naturalization. 

4. By marriage. 

5. By annexation. 

14. Describe the process of naturalization. 

1. Go before a state or federal ccmrt and formally declare 
his intention of becoming a citizen. 

2. Not less than two years thereafter, and after five 
years’ residence take the oath of allegiance. 

15. Name the three general rights of American citizens. 

1. The right to personal security. 

2. The right to personal liberty. 

3. The right to private property. 

16. Define habeas corpus. 

A written order that a person be brought before a court 
to inquire into the cause of his imprisonment. 

17 . Define eminent domain. 

The right to take private property for public use. 

18. Define civic center. 

A group of public buildings such as a court house, city 


A MANUAL OF CIVICS 


hall, post office or library etc. 

19. Describe zoning a city. 

Setting apart certain districts for each industry. 

20. Define franchise. 

1. The right of voting. 

2. Freedom fron» servitude. 

3. Some special privilege granted. 

THE MECHANISM OF OUR GOVERNMENT 

1. Why have political parties'^ 

Because one man is not able to affect the opinions of very 
many other people by an expression of his own views. 

2. Define platform. 

It is a formal declaration of the principles of a party, and 
a statement of the issues for which it stands in the cam¬ 
paign. 

3. Define caucus. 

A meeting composed of the members of a legislative body 
who are of the same party, and assembled for party pur¬ 
poses. 

4. Define convention. 

An assembly of the voters of a body either in person or by 
representatives, called delegates. 

5. What does nominate mean? 

To name. 

6. Explain direct primary in Oregon^., 

In May the voters go to a primary meeting, which is man¬ 
aged in practically the same way as a regular election and 
vote directly for the candidate whom they wish to repre¬ 
sent iheirparit/ at the uext election. 

7. Who has the right to vote in Oregon? 

Every citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty- 
one years and ui)ward who shall have resided in the state 


\ M/VINlAl OF CIVICS 


5 


during the six montlis immediatelj^ preceding such 
election. 

8. Deiine campaign. 

Political operations preceding an election. 

9. Define initiative; referendum; recall; short ballot; prefer¬ 
ential ballot. 

Initiative is a power reserved to the people by wliich e/j^ht 
per cent of the legal voters shall have the right to propose 
any measure (bill) and fiftoon per cent the right to pro¬ 
pose amendments to the constitution. 

Referendum is the power reserved to the peo de of passing 
on laws passed by the legislature (except as to laws neces¬ 
sary for the immediate preservation of the public peace, 
health, or safety.) It maybe ordered either hy//i^e per 
cent of the legal voters, or by the legislature. 

The Recall is a device to give the peox:)le complete control 
over the ollicers whom they elect, by choosing others, on 
<lemand of iwenij/~/ive per cent of their electors who voted 
at the preceding election for justice of the supreme court. 
Short ballot is the idea that the voters should elect only a 
few ollicers and should hold them responsible for appoint¬ 
ing the rest. 

The preferential ballot permits a voter to indicate his sec¬ 
ond, third, or fourth choice. 

10. State the qualifications of senators. 

Age, thirty years* citizen, nine years, and a resident of 
the state which he represents. 

11. State the qualilications of representatives. 

Age, twenty-five years; citiz(m s<‘ven years, inhahitant of 
the state he represents. 

12. IJow many senators have weV 

JS’inety-six: two from each state. 

13. How many representatives have we? 

p^oiir hundred thirty-live. 


6 


A MAISUAI OF CIVICS 


14. Wliat number of population is required for each representa¬ 
tive? 

212,000. 

lo. Define conffrcss^/ian^ai-iar^e. 

One chosen by tlie voters of tlie wliole state. 

1(). Define gerrymander. 

To mark off congressionol districts in a way tliat is grossly 
unfair to the minority party. 

17. What is the salary of senators and representatives? 

.1^7,500, $125 for stationery, and 20 cents per mile for 
traveling expenses to and from Congress. 

18. What is the number of the present (1920) Congress? 

Tlie sixty-sixth. 

19. How many sessions in a Congress? 

Two. 1. A long session begins on the first Monday in 
December of odd years, and may continue an entire year. 

2. A short session begins on the first Monday in 
December and must close at noon on the 4th of next 
March. 

20. What constitutes a quorum in Congress? A majority? 

More than half. 

21. Define Congressional record. 

It is a journal of the proceedings of each house. 

22. Define filibustering. 

It consists of indefinite talking, and doing many other 
things merely to take up time.. 

23. Name the officers of the Senate. 

The Vice President is the presiding officer. Other officers 
are secretary, doorkeeper, postmaster, cliaplain and ser¬ 
geant-at-arms. 

21. Name the officers of the House. 

The presiding offi(;er is the speaker, elected by the House. 
The other officers are the same as in the Senate. 

25. Name five powers of Congress. 

1. To borrow money on the credit of United States. 


\ MAINUi\L OF CIVICS 


7 


2. To declare war. 

3. To provide and maintain a navy. 

4. To establish postoffices and post roads. 

5. To coin money and regulate the value thereof. 

26. Name three sole powers of the Senate. 

1. To choose their own officers. 

2. To try all impeachments. 

3. To elect the Vice President. (When?) 

27. Name three sole powers of the House. 

1. To impeach. 

2. To choose their own officers. 

3. To elect a President. (When?) 

4. To originate bills for raising revenue. 

28. Name three joint powers of the Senate. 

1. To make treaties. 

2. To appoint ambassadors. 

3. To appoint a day for adjournment. 

29. Name three powers denied to United States. 

1. No bill of attainder, or ex-post facto law shall be 
passed. 

2. No title of nobility shall he granted. 

3. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported 
from any State. 

30. Name three powers denied to the States. 

1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or con¬ 
federation. 

2. No State shall coin nioney, or grant any title of no¬ 
bility. 

3. N(^ State shall pass any bill of attainder. 

31. Name the powers reserved to the States. 

See article X. of Constitution. 

32. Explain in full how a bill becomes a law. 

Since the same general course of procedure is followed, whether 
the bill originates first in the House or in the Senate, it will make but 
little difference where we begin. If it comes up first in the House it is 
sent by a member to the clerk: when the Speaker receives it he calls 


5 


A Mmm\ Of CIVICS 


ont tho title. Tt is th<‘n recorded, given a serial number, and ordered 
printed, after which it is referred by the Speaker to the House com¬ 
mittee having charge of that particular kind of legislation. But if it 
is a hill which was not introduced by an individual member, hut 
which was framed and brought forward by a committee, it may he as¬ 
signed a place on the calendar and voted on without being referred t(* 
a committee. Here it may be pigeon-holed, or it may he reported un¬ 
favorably. If fortunate enough to secure the favorable report of the 
committee, it is returned to the clerk, and the Speaker announces tlie 
fact. 

It is then put on the calendar and may he calle<l up at any time 
by a member. After it has been read three times, “by title” it comes 
up for final passage: that is, a vote is taken on the question, “Shall 
the bill be passed?” If it fails to scamre a majority, it is dead. If 
passed, it is sent by messenger to tlie Senate, where it is received by 
the clerk, and announced by the President of the Senate. After record 
lias been made it is referred to the proper legislative committee of tlie 
Senate, where it, has to face the same kind of dangers once more. From 
here, the movement is the same as in the House, and if passed l)y a 
majority vote, after being signed by the Speaker of the House, and Ity 
the President of the Senate, it is sent by messenger to the President. 
He. may either sign it, which makes it a valid law, or he may veto it 
or hold it ten days, or kill it by “pocket veto,” wliicdi means a holding 
of the bill until Congress adjourns, providing it does so within ten days 
after he has received it. 

If vetoed, it is ‘^ent by the President together with his objections, 
to the house in which it originat(*.d, which, we wdll suppose, is th(‘ 
House of Representatives. If it her3 receives a two-thirds vote it is 
sent on to the Senate with the President’s objections, and if passed by 
a two-tbirds vote it goes back to the House with a notice of the Sen¬ 
ate's concurrence. Then the bill is enrolled, engrossed, printed on 
parchment, and signed by the Speaker and the President of the S^^n- 
ate, when it is n*ady for record by the Secretary of State and for pub¬ 
lication. All bills that are passed must thus pass through the Secre¬ 
tary’s hands before becoming operative. These are valid laws, and 


\ MUINUIVL Of CIVICS 


9 


they remain in force until repealed, or until declared unconstitutional 
by the Supreme Court. 

In case the bill originates in the Senate, then the movement 
through the two houses is reversed. Complications may arise, as when 
a bill passed by one house is amended by the other and on being sent 
back the first house may refuse to concur in the amendments. In such 
cases a joint committee of the two houses is sometimes appointed for 
conference on matters of difference, and if they agree they report to 
both houses. In this way the bill was finally agreed to which brought 
on the late war with Spain. 

33. In how many ways may a bill be killed? 

1. It may be pigeon-holed in the committee room.^ 

2. It may be reported unfavorably by the committee. 

3. It may fail to pass the House. 

4. It may fail to pass the Senate. 

5. It may be vetoed in two ways. 

6. It may fail to pass over the veto. 

34. How may amendments to the Constitution be proposed? 

1. By a two-thirds vote of both Houses of Congress. 

2. By a Convention summoned by Congress at the request 
of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the States. 

35. How may they he ratified? 

1. By three-fourths vote of the States through their 
State Legislatures. 

2. By three-fourths of the States through conventions 
specially called for the purpose. 

36. What parts of the Constitution cannot be amended? 

1. The clause regarding tlie importation of slaves. 

2. The clause regarding the laying of direct taxes. 

3. No State shall be deprived of its two Senators without 
its own consent. 

37. Is the [’resident’s signature necessary to an amendment? 

No. 

38. How many committees in the blouse of Representatives? 


10 


\ OF CIVICS 


Sixty or more. 

39. How are they chosen? 

By the House. 

40. Name the important committees. 

1. Committee on rules* 

2. Committee on ways and means. 

3. Committee on appropriations. 

41. How many committees in the Senate'!* 

Seventy-five or more. 

42. Name the three most important. 

Those on finance, on ap'propriations, on foreign affairs. 

43. Name the different modes of voting in Congress. 

1. The Senate always votes hy yeas and nays. 

2. The House votes in several different ways. The 

most common is viva voce. If in doubt the Speaker asks 
the members to rise. If his decision is questioned he ap¬ 
points two tellers, or counters, who count the members 
as they pass between the tellers; this is called a division. 

44. When does the term of a Representative begin? 

On the 4th of March following his election. 

45. When does he take his seat? 

Not till a year from the December following his election 
— (unless in case of an extra session.) 

40. What is the smallest number that may adjourn from time to 
time? 

In the House fifteen ; in the Senate no fixed number. 

47. What are Congressional Districts? 

The State Legislatures divide their States into districts 
corresponding to the number of Representatives to which 
they are entitled. These divisions are called Congres¬ 
sional Districts. 

48. Is the Vice President a member of the Senate? No. 


A MAINUAl OF CIVICS 


II 


49. Is the Speaker a member of the House‘s Yes. 

EXECUTIVE 

50. What are the qualifications for President? 

Must he thirty-five years old, a native born citizen, and 
fourteen years a resident within the United States. 

51. Briefly describe the manner of his election. 

On the Tuesday after the first Monday in November the 
people of each State elect as many electors as they have 
Senators and Representatives. On the second Monday in 
January the electors of each State meet at the State Cap¬ 
ital and vote for President and Vice President. They 
make, sign, certify and seal three separate lists of their 
votes: they send two lists to the President of the United 
States Senate—one by mail and the other by special mes¬ 
senger—and file the remaining list with the Judge of the 
United States District Court of the district in which the 
electors meet. On the second Wednesday in February 
the United States Senate and House of Representatives 
meet in joint session and count the electoral votes, and 
the person receiving a majority of votes for President is 
elected. 

52. When is he inaugurated? March 4. 

53. State his salary and length of term. 

Salary $75,000; term four years. 

51. What is his olficial residence? 

In the White House at Washington. 

55. What is his term of office called? An administration. 

56. What is the order of succession in case of a vacancy? 

(1) Vice President, (2) Secretary of State; (3) Secretary 
of the Treasury; (4) Secretary of War; (5) Attorney 
General; (6) Postmaster General: (7) Secretary of the 
Navy; (8) Secretary of the Interior. 

What is the chief duty of the President? 


57 . 


12 


\ MANDAl OF CIVICS 


58. 


59. 


60. 


61. 


62. 


63. 

64. 

65. 

66 . 


67. 

68 . 


To take care tliat the laws be faithfully executed. 

Name three other duties. 

1. To send a message to Congress. 

2. To receive ambassadors and ministers. 

3. To commission United States officers. 

Name three sole powers of the President. 

1. To veto bills. 

2. To grant reprieves and pardons- (When?) 

3. To call Congress in extra session. 

Name three joint powers of the President. 

1. To make treaties, 

2. To make certain appointments. (Name them.) 

3. To makeilaws. 

Name three ways by which his office may be made vacant. 

By death, resignation, and impeachment. 

How are presidential electors chosen? 

By direct vote of the petjple. 

What was the original intern i)n in regard to these electors? 
That they were to be independent in their choice of Pres¬ 
ident. 

Is this the case? 

No. They merely register the choice of the people. 

Must they vote for the choice of the people*^^ No. 

By Section I., Clause 3, the person having the highest num¬ 
ber of votes, if a majority, should be Pn^sident; and the per¬ 
son receiving the next highest -number should be Vice Presi¬ 
dent. Mention an objection. 

The President and Vice President would probably be of 
different parties. 

How was this corrected? 

By the 12th amendment. 

If the electors fail to elect a President, bow is the choice 
made? 

The House of Representatives choose. 


A MAINUAL OF CIVICS 


13 


69. How often has this been done? 

Twice: In 1800—Jefferson and Burr. In 1825—John 
Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. 

70. How was tlie Hayes-Tilden election settled? 

It was not taken to the House. It was decided by an 
electoral commission consisting of five Senators, five Rep¬ 
resentatives, and five Judges of the Supreme Court. 

71. Who chooses the Vice President if the electoral college fail of 
a choice? The Senate. 

72. Has this thing ever occurred? 

Yes. In the case of R. M. Johnson, in 1836. 

73. What tliree classes of powers has the President? 

1. Legislative —He may call extra sessions of Congress; 
he may present regular bills in Congress; he may 
veto bills. 

2. Executive- He sees that the laws are enforced. 

3. Judicial—He appoints judicial officers. 

74. Can the President appoint his cabinet officers without the 
cF)nsent of the Senate‘s No. 

75. Can he remove them without the consent of the Senate? 

Yes. 

76. What about the Tenure of Office bill? It has been repealed. 

77. What is the President’s message? 

It is a written statement presenting an outline history of 
the Government for the year, with the President’s views 
and recommendations. 

78. When, and to whom presented? 

It is sent to Congress at the opening of the annual session. 

79. What are the duties of the Vice President? 

To preside over the Senate. 

80. What temporary reservation was made relative to birth ? 

Any citizen of the United States at the time of the adop¬ 
tion of the Constitution was eligible to the office of Presi¬ 
dent. 

81. What is meant by impeachment? It means to accuse. 


\ mmxi OF CIVICS 


82. Was President Johnson impeached? Yes. 

83. Was he convicted? No. 

84. What is the punishment in case of conviction? 

Disbarment of holdi?ig any office of trust under the Gov¬ 
ernment. 

85. Who is now President? Vice President? 

8f). When does his time expire? 

87. To wliat party does he belong? 

PRESIDENT’S CABINET. 

1. Was the Cabinet created by the Constitution? 

No; merely a custom of Washington. 

2. How chosen, and what is their salary? 

By the President, with consent of Senate; $12,000. 

3. Must the President take their advice? No. 

4. Who alone has power to remove them? 

The President. 

5. By what other names are they often called? 

Heads of Departments. 

6. What are sub-divisions of departments called? Bureaus. 

7- Does Congress control them in any way? No. 

8. Are they always of the same party as the President? 

Almost invariably. 

9. Give a reason why it should be so. 

Because he and his party are responsible for their acts. 

10. What is the chief duty of the Secretary of State? 

The conduct of foreign affairs. He also keeps the great 
seal of the United States. 

11. What department had charge of Peary’s expedition? War. 

12. What department improves harbors and rivers? War. 

13. What department has charge of the Naval Academy at An¬ 
napolis? Navy. 

14. Of the Military Academy at West Point? War. 

15. What department has charge of pensions? Interior. Of 


A MANUAL OF CIVICS 


15 


patents? Interior. 

16. What department has charge of meat inspection? Agricul¬ 
ture. Of the weather bureau^ Agriculture. 

17. What department has charge of lighthouses? Commerce. Of 
immigration? Commerce. The census? Commerce. Of Chi¬ 
nese exclusion? Commerce. 

18. I want a passport to travel in foreign lands; to whom shall I 
apply? 

Secretary of State. 

19. In what way does the Department of State conduct the for¬ 
eign affairs? 

First: Through the Diplomatic Service. 

Second: Through the Consular Service. 

Of what does the diplomatic service consist? 

1. Ambassadors. 

2. Envoys extraordinary. 

8. Ministers plenipotentiary. 

4. Ministers resident. 

20. What are these officers called? Ministers. 

21. What is their salary? 

The first three receive from seven thousand five hundred 
dollars to seventeen thousand five hundred each. Min¬ 
isters resident receive from four thousand dollars to seven 
thousand dollars each. 

28. VV^hat ones receive the highest salary? 

Those accredited to Great Britain, Germany, France and 
Russia. 

24. What are commissioners? 

They are ministers sent to foreign countries on special 
service, as to make treaties, etc. 

25. What does the Consular service include? 

It includes more than three hundred consuls who reside at 
principal cities in foreign countries. 

26. What are their chief duties? 

To enforce the commercial laws and to protect the rights 


16 


\ MAINUiVl OF CIVICS 


of American citizens. 

27. What is their salary? 

It ranges from one thousand dollars to six thousand dol¬ 
lars. 

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

28. Why have it? 

To interpret the laws and treaties of the United States. 

29. How many grades of courts are there? 

1. The Supreme Court. 

2. Nine Circuit Courts. 

3. Nine Circuit Courts of Appeal. 

4. Ninety District Courts. 

OTHER COURTS. 

There is also a Court of Claims, Territorial Courts, and a 
Court of the District of Columbia. 

30. What two kinds of jurisdiction has the Supreme Court*? 

Original and Appellate. 

31. Name three classes of cases in which it has Original juris¬ 
diction. 

1. All cases affecting Ambassadors and other public 
ministers. 

2. To controversies in which the United States is a 
party. 

3. To controversies between two States. 

32. What do you understand by A-ppellate Jurisdiction? 

It applies to cases appealed from the lower courts. 

33. For what purpose may a case be appealed to the Supreme 
Court? 

To see if it is according to the Constitution. 

31. How are the Judges of the Supreme Court chosen? 

By the President and the Senate. 

35. What length of term? 

During good behavior. 

30. What is their salary? 


H MAINUAL OF CIVICS 


17 


The Chief Justice receives ij? 14,500. The eight Associate 
Judges each $14,000. 

37. Why pay them so high a salary? 

Ill order that they may be above the temptation of 
bribery. 

38. What provision is made for their old age? 

Each may retire at seventy on full pay, provided he has 
served ten years. 

39. How often does the Supreme Court meet? 

Once, at Washington, beginning on the second Monday in 
October. 

40. Explain the Circuit Courts. 

The United States is divided into nine judicial circuits, in 
each of which court is held annually. To each is allotted 
one justice of the Supreme Court, and each has in addi¬ 
tion at least two Circuit Judges receiving a salary of 
$7,000 each. 

41. In what Judicial Circuit is Oregon? 

Ninth, which includes Alaska, Arizona, California, Idaho, 
Montana, Nevada, Washington and Hawaii. 

42. Explain the Circuit Court of Appeals. 

It is composed of judges of the other courts. All cases of 
appeals from District and Circuit Courts are taken directly 
to it, excepting in five cases. 

43. Explain the District Courts. 

The judges each receive $6,000. They have charge of 
Admiralty and Maritime cases, and of crimes against the 
United States and punishalde by death. Each district is 
provided with a United States Marshall. 

41. Explain the Court of Claims, 

It consists of a Chief Justice whose salary is $6,500, and 
four Associate Justices, each with a salary of $6000. It 
holds an annual session at Washington, and deals with 
the claims of private persons against the Federal Govern- 


15 


\ MUINUHL OF CIVICS 


meiit. 

45. Name two other courts. 

1. Supreme Court of District of Columbia. 

2. Territorial Courts. 

46. How may judges of United Stales Courts be removed? 

Only by impeachment. 

47. Mention three important commissions deserving special men¬ 
tion . 

1. Interstate Commerce Commission, consisting of nine 
members, salary $10,000 a year. 

2. Civil Service Commission, has three members, ap¬ 
pointed by the President, 

3. Federal Trade Commission, has five members with 
terms of seven years. 

48. Mention some special institutions with headquarters in Wash¬ 
ington City. 

1. Library of Congress, with 2,000,000 volumes. 

2. Smithsonian Institute and National Museum. 

3. The Government Printing Office, largest in the world. 

4. Pan American Union, gives information about tht‘ 
countries of the New World. 

49. Define treason. 

Treason consists in levying war against the United States, 
Of a State, <>r in adhering to their enemies, giving them 
aid and comfort. 

50. How are persons convicted of treason? 

1. On the testimony of two witnesses. 

2. Confession in open court. 

51. Who fixes the punishment for treason? 

Congress. 

.52. What is the punishment? 

Death by hanging. 

.53. How many amendments were proposed to the Constitution at 
its first Congress? 


\ MAINIAL OF CIVICS 


19 


Twelv^e; and ten were promptly ratified. 

54. By what names are these ten amendments often called? 

Bill of Rights. 

55. Name the last six amendments. 

Xlllth, which liberated the slaves. 

XIVth, which gave them citizenship. 

XVth, which gave them the right to vote. 

XVIth, Income tax. 

XVIIch, Election of Senators by the people. 

XVIIIth, Prohibition. 

56. What will probably be the next amendment? 

Woman suffrage. 

57. What is meant by the unwritten constitution? 

It is the part that is supposed to be implied in the writ 
ten. 

58. Name an act performed under the unwritten constitution. 

Creation of President’s Cabinet. 

59. Why have territories? 

To prepare for statehood. 

60. Name six States besides the original thirteen that never were 
territories. 

Vermont, Kentucky, Maine, Texas, California, and West 
Virginia. 

61. Name two States that were carved out of other States. 

Maine and West Virginia. 

62. Name some present day territories. 

Hawaii and Alaska. 

63. Name some of our Colonial Possessions. 

Porto Rico, Philippines, Guam, and the Virgin Islands. 

64. How is the District of Columbia governed? 

By Congress and the President, who appoints its three 
commissioners. 

65. Mention some States to which we hold the relation of pro¬ 
tectorate. 

Cuba, Santo Domingo, Hayti, Panama and Nicaraugua. 


20 


\ MANlAl Of CIVICS 


STATE GOVERNMENTS. 

1. What two of the thirteen colonies retained tlieir charters for 
State constitutions? 

Connecticutt and Rliode Island. 

2. Name the general divisions of State constitutions. 

1. A hill of rights. 

2. An explanation of the frame of government. 

Jh Provisions relating to the administration of the State 
government. 

4. A statement of the conditions under vvliich the consti¬ 
tution will go into effect. 

ri. Name the departments of (Oregon) State government. 

L. Legislative—State Legislature. 

2. Executive —Governor. 

H. .Judicial—State Courts. 

4. Of what is the Legislative Department composed? 

A Senate and a House of Representatives. 

5. How many members in each? 

The Senate is composed of tliirty members, and the 
House of Representatives of sixty. 

(). What are the qualitications of each? 

Senators and Representatives must be tvrenty-one years 
of age, must be citizens of the United States, and 
must have resided in the district from which they are 
chosen for at least one year next preceding their election. 
T. What is the term of oflice of eacli? 

The Senators are elected for four years, and the Represen¬ 
tatives for two years. The Senators are divided into two 
equal classes, so that one-half are chosen biennially. 

8. When does the Legislature meet? 

On the second Monday in .January of every odd year. 

9. What is the length of the se.ssion? 


\ MUINUAL Of CIVICS 


21 


Regular session usually forty days; extra session not to 
exceed twenty. 

10. What is the salary of each? 

Three dollars per day, and fifteen cents mileage in going 
and coming. The presiding officers receive five dollars 
per day. 

11. What number constitutes a quorum? 

Thvo-thirds of each house. 

12. What bills must originate in the House of Representatives? 

Bills for raising revenue. 

13. How long before a law goes into effect? 

Ninety days after adjournment, unless its preamble con¬ 
tains an emergency clause, when it becomes immediately 
operative. 

14. Can the number of Senators or Representatives be increased? 

No. 

15. How are vacancies in the Senate and House filled? 

The Governor issues writs of election. 

16. In whom is the chief executive power of the State vested? 

The Governor, who holds his office for a term of four 
years. 

17. What are the qualifications for Governor? 

He must be at least thirty years old, a citizen of the 
United States, and have resided within the State at least 
three years next preceding his election. 

18. For how many years may he hold office? 

Not more than eight in any period of t^^elve years. 

19. Who elects the Governor? 

The qualified voters. 

20. Is he elected by a majority or a plurality? Plurality. 

21. What is done in case of a tie? 

The Legislature decides. 

22. When does the Governor take his seat? 

On the second Monday in .January. 

23. What is his salary? $5,000. 


22 


\ MANl)l\L OF CIVICS 


24. 


25. 


26. 


27. 


28. 


29. 


30 . 

31. 

32. 


33 . 


Name three of bis duties. 

]. To see tliat the laws are faithfully executed. 

2. To keep the Legislature informed of the condition of 
the State, and 

3. To make recommendations. 

Name three of his powers. 

1. To reprieve, commute, and pardon. 

2. To veto bills. 

3. To call extra sessions of the Legislature. 

What other positions does he fill? 

1. He is commander in Chief of the militia. 

2. He is Chairman of the State Board of Education, and 
of the State Board of Land Commissioners. 

Who succeeds the Governor in case of removal from office? 

Secretary of State and President of the Senate. 

Name the Administrative officers. 

1. Secretary of State. 

2. Treasurer of State. 

3. Superintendent of Public Instruction. 

4. Attorney General. 

5. State Printer. 

Name three duties of the Secretary of State. 

1. To act as Secretary of the Legislature. 

2. To audit public accounts. 

3. To keep the seal of the State. 

What is the length of term of the Administrative officers? 
Four years. 

In what is the judicial power of the State vested? 

In a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts, and County Courts. 
Of what does the Supreme Court consist? 

It consists of seven Justices, and holds two terms at Sa¬ 
lem and one at Pendleton each year. 

What jurisdiction has it? 

Only to revise the final decisions of the Circuit Court. 


\ OF CIVICS 


23 


34. What are the qualifications? 

He must be a citizen of the United States, must have re¬ 
sided in the State three years next preceding his election, 
and after election reside in his district. 

35. What length of term, salary, and how chosen? 

Six years, salary $5,250, chosen by electors of the State. 

36. Vacancies: how filled? 

By elections unless the term would expire at the next 
election, in which case the Governor appoints. 

37. Can appeals be taken from the Supreme Court of the State to 
the Supreme Court of the United States? 

Only in matters involving the Constitution or laws of the 
State. 

38. How many Circuit Courts are there? 

Twenty, each of which comprises one or more counties. 

39. What is the term of office, and salary of the Circuit Judges? 

Six years. Salary $4,000, except for Multnomah county, 
which are $5,000. 

40. When did Oregon become a Territory? In 1848. 

41. When did it become a State? In 1859. 

42. Give the preamble to the Constitution of Oregon. 

We, the people of the State of Oregon, to the end that jus¬ 
tice be established, order maintained, and liberty per¬ 
petuated, do ordain this Constitution. 

43. Define plaintiff; defendant. 

Plaintiff, the one who brings the charges. Defendant, the 
one who is sued. 

44. Define writ of mandamus. 

An order to a public officer, person, or corporation to at¬ 
tend to some neglected duty. 

45. Define injunction. 

An order to a person, or body of persons, not to perform 
some improper act. 

46. Define statute of limitations. 


n 


\ MANlllVl OF CIVICS 


A law requiring prosecutions to be brought within a cer¬ 
tain time after the act has been committed. 

47. Give three reasons for creating counties and townships. 

1. To make it easier to manage the business of the State. 

2. To hold Gourts and punish law breakers. 

3. To give better attention to the local needs of the peo¬ 
ple. 

48. Name the departments of County government. 

1. Legislative—County Commissioners. 

2. Executive—Sheriff, Clerk, Treasurer. 

8. Judicial—County Judge, 

49. Learn the names of the County officers. 

See Blue Book. 

50. Name three duties of the County Judge. 

1. To take charge of the insane. 

2. To probate wills. 

3. To preside at the C^Minty Court. 

51. Who CO;n pose the County Court? 

1. The County Judge and County Commissioners. 

52. Name three powers of the County Court. 

1. To divide the county into election precincts, and jus¬ 
tice of the peace, and constable districts. 

2. To provide for the maintenance of paupers. 

3. To determine the rate of taxation. 

53. What civil cases may come before the County Judge? 

Those involving not more than $500. 

54. Name the duties of the Sheriff. 

1. To arrest law breakers. 

2. To quell riots. 

3. To collect taxes. 

55. Name three duties of the County Clerk. 

1. To act as Secretary at the County Court. 

2. To issue marriage licences. 

3. To administer oaths to witnesses and jurors. 


\ MAiNUiVL OF CIVICS 


25 


5G. Name three duties of the County Superintendent of Schools. 

1. To apportion school funds. 

2. To visit schools. 

3. To hold teachers’ institutes. 

57. What is the length of term of county officers? 

.Judge, six years. County Superintendent, Assessor, and 
Commissioners, four years. Others two. 

58. When are they elected? 

At the regular fall election. 

.59. When do they take their seat? 

On the first Monday in January. 

GO. Discuss three systems of local government in use today. 

1. The Town (township) system originated in New Eng¬ 
land where the town was the center of every interest. 
When the New England people went west they to(dv 
this system with tliem into Michigan, Wisconsin, etc. 

2. The County system prevailed in the South and was 
carried by southern people into Oregon where it 
prevails. 

3. The mixed or County township prevailed in Pennsyl¬ 
vania and was patterned in Indiana anvi Kansas. 

Gl. Define Congressional Township. Where found? 

In the middle west, wlien tlie public lands were surveyed 
they were divided into townships six miles square, each 
containing 3G sections. This waS done for convenience 
in mapping and selling, hut they were soon adopted for 
local government and called Congressional Townships. 

G2. What is a city charter? 

A constitution granted to the city by the legislature of 
the State. 

63. Name the departments of a city governiiient. 

Usually a Mayor, a Board of Aldermen, and Common 
Council. 

64. What are the laws of a city called? Ordinances. 

G5. Name some of the administrative departments of cities. 


26 


\ OF CIVICS 


1. Department of Public Works, looks after highways, 
sewers, water supply, etc. 

2. Department Public Safety, controls policemen, 
firemen, building inspectors, etc. 

3. Department of Health, charities, etc. 

GG. Name some other city officers. 

Treasurer, Attorney, Marshall, Kecorder (police judge). 
G7. What is one conspicuous failure of the United States? 

The government of cities. 

G8. Describe two special plans of city government. 

1. The Commission form—A small body elected by the 
voters as a commission to exercise both the legisla¬ 
tive and administrative functions. Each member is 
the head of a department. 

2. The city manager plan—One man is chosen by the 
council or commission to assume entire charge of ad¬ 
ministrative affairs. 

FINANCIAL PROBLEMS. 

1. Define barter. 

Exchange of goods. 

2. Define money. 

Any medium of exchange. 

3. Name some thifigs that have been used for money. 

Gold, silver, copper, paper, tobacco, wheat, oats, barley, 
peas, bacon, pork, beef, Gsh, flax, wootl, sugar, brandy, 
musket-balls and gopher tails. 

4. Name some characteristics of money. 

It should have value in itself, and should be portable, 
durable, recognizable and divisible. 

5. What is the standard for our currency? 

The gold dollar. 

6. What two pieces of money are no longer coined? 

Gold dollar and silver dollar. 


\ MUNUAL OF CIVICS 


27 


7. At how many mints are coins now made? 

At Philadelphia, New Orleans, Denver, and San Fran¬ 
cisco. 

8. Name the different kinds of paper money now in use. 

Gold certificates. Silver certificates. United States notes, 
National Bank notes. Federal Reserve notes. 

9. Define legal tender. 

Any money that must be accepted when offered in pay¬ 
ment of debt. 

10. Define credit. 

The Igiving or receiving of a promise to pay in place of 
actual money payment. 

11. What part of the business transactions of today is conducted 
on a credit system? 

About ninety-five per cent. 

12. Define credit instruments. 

The forms of legal papers which are used in giving or ac¬ 
cepting credit. 

13. Name five credit instruments. 

Book credit, promissory note, check, draft, bill of ex- 
, change. 

14. Name some of the services of hanks. 

They receive deposits, lend money, maintain savings de¬ 
partments, discount notes. 

15. Name two services of clearing houses. 

1. Checks and drafts received by one bank upon an¬ 
other are turned over to the proper institution. 

2, Each bank is kept in touch with the general course of 
financial matters in the community. 

16. Describe the present national banking system. 

In 1918 the Glass-Owen act was passed by Congress, by 
which the country is divided into twelve reserve districts 
in each of which is established a federal reserve bank. 
Every national bank in the country is required to join the 


25 


\ MillNlllVL OF CIVICS 


federal reserve system, and hanks (chartered under State 
laws are permitted to join. 

The reserve bank discounts notes and the like for 
banks that belong in the district, and on the basis of these 
notes the reserve bank provides them with federal reserve 
notes to be used as currency. 

Tlie Federal Reserve Board supervises the whole Sys¬ 
tem. 

IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL TERMS. 

1. How do we commonly classify property? 

Into real and personal. 

2. Define real property. 

Everything that is fixed and permanent in its character, 
as land, etc. 

3. Define personal property. 

All that is movable. 

4. Define stocks. 

Certificates of shares issued by corporations to those who 
invest money in their business. 

Define bonds. 

Promises to pay, inuch like a promissory note, issued by 
a company or government. 

0. Into what two classes are stocks often divided? 

1. Preferred stock, which carries a fixed rate of interest 
which must be paid out of the profits of the business 
before any other payments are made. 

2. Common stock, which receives wdiatever is left after 
tJie preferred stock is attended to. 

7. Name three methods of transferring property. 

By will, by gift, by sale. 

8. Define warranty deed, quit claim deed. 

A warranty deed gives a complete title to the property. 


A MANUAL OF CIVICS 


29 


A quit claim deed gives only what title the seller actually 
possesses. 

9. Name four contracts. 

Deeds, mortgages, postal money orders. 

10. Define bankrupt. 

A person who has been legally declared unable to pay his 
debts. 

TAXES 

1. Define tax. 

Private property taken by the government for public use. 

2. What should be the principle on which taxes are levied? 

A person’s ability to pay. 

3. Into what two great groups are taxes commonly divided? 

Into direct and indirect. 

4. Define direct taxes. 

Those whose burden is intended to be borne by the person 
from whom they are collected. Taxes on buildings, land, 
etc. 

6. Define indirect tax. 

Those whose burden is likely to be borne by other persons 
than those who pay them. A tax on imported goods, and 
most taxes levied by the national government. 

6. Define proportional tax. 

That collected on a fixed percentage basis. 

7. Define progressive or graduated tax. 

That in which the percentage rate increases in accord¬ 
ance with the value of the property. 

8. Define excises, or internal revenue. 

Taxes on goods sold or produced within a country. 

9. Define customs, duties, or imposts. 

Taxes on goods brought into the country. 

10. Define specific duties. 

Those which lay a definite amount per yard, per dozen. 


\ MAINUAl OF CIVICS 


per pound, etc. 

Define ad valorem duties. 

Tliose which collect a percentage of the value of the 
goods. 

Name rhree great services which governments perform that 
justify the collection of taxes. 

1. Protective—defense against foreign invasion, and 
suppression of disorder. 

2. Industrial- construction of roads, canals, and bridges. 
Social — relating to the care of the poor, sick, and in¬ 
sane. 

Name three sources of income which the government may 
draw upon. 

1. Sale of land and gifts of citizens. 

2. Taxes, tines, and fees from licences, 
d. Loans. 

Define budget. 

A carefully calculated summary of the probable expenses 
for the year with estimates of means to provide revenues 
to meet these expenses. 

Define single tax. 

A tax on land only; first proposed by Henry George. 
Distinguish l.etweeu protective tariff and revenue tariff. 

Protective tariff is for the purpose of keeping out certain 
articles and encouraging their manufacture in our own 
c.ountry. 

Revenue tariff is merely enough to pay the expenses in¬ 
curred in carrying on the government. 

LABOR AND INDUSTRY. 

Name and define the three factors in production. 

1. Natural resources, land, water, etc. 

2. Tiabor—any activity of men, physical or mental, 
whi(di helps in the production of goods. 


A MANUAL OF CIVICS 


31 


Capital—any product of labor that is used for produc¬ 
ing more goods. 

2. State the principle underlying the Workman’s Compensation 
Act. 

It is fairer to put part of the burden upon the whole com¬ 
munity rather than to make the individual worker bear it 
all. 

3. Name some dangerous trades. 

Painting and match making. 

4. J')efine collective bargaining. 

A trade agreement between the employer and the officers 
of a union. 

5. Define closed shop. 

An understanding by which only.members of the union 
will be employed. 

C. Define boycott 

An organized effort to injure the business of any concern. 

7. Define unfair list. 

Names of firms which have refused to comply with de¬ 
mands made on them by labor unions. 

8. Define union label. 

A label to be attached to all goods from shops conducted 
in accordance with the wishes of the union. 

9. Name some countries that ha.Ve adopted compulsory arbi¬ 
tration. 

New Zealand, Australia, and Norway. 

10. What things constitute capital? 

Only the material things produced by industry which are 
embraced under the general term wealth. 

11. Define capital goods. 

The actual things used in production: cars, looms, fur¬ 
naces, etc. 

12. D( fine corporation. 

A group of individuals authorized by law to act in certain 


32 


A MANlAl OF CIVICS 


specified matters as one individual. 

If3. Define trust. 

A union of several corporations engaged in similar busi¬ 
ness. 

14. Define monopoly. 

An exclusive privilege to deal in or control the sale of 
certain things. 

" 15. Name five kinds of monopolies. 

1. Government monopoly—post office. 

‘2. Private monopoly—patents. 

3. Monopoly of situation or location. 

4. Monopoly of organization --trusts. 

5. I^ersonal monopoly—the village doctor. 

16. Define pooling*. 

A scheme by vvhich several railroads running between the 
same cities combine tlieir earnings. 

17. Define rebating. 

Giving back to some favored shipper a X)art of the money 
he has paid for freight. 

SOCIAL PROBLEMS 

1. Into what groups may crimes be classified? 

1. Crime against the State and public order—treason, 
riot, and counterfitting. 

2. Crimes against public health and decency —bigamy, 
l)lasphemy. 

3. Crimes against the person—murder. 

4. Crimes against property—burglary, arson, and embez¬ 
zlement. 

2. Name the principal causes of ciime. 

Heredity, ignorance, social conditions. 

3. Classify the causes of poverty. 

1. Physical—earthquakes, floods, and grass hoppers. 

2. Individual—sickness, ignorance, laziness. 


\ MHINUHL OF CIVICS 


33 


3. Social, low wages, war, panic. 

4. Name four methods of controling the liquor business. 

The dispensary, the license system, local option, prohibi¬ 
tion. 

5. What motives bring European immigrants to America? 

Poor opportunities for earning a living, tyranny of rulers, 
and religious persecution. 

6. To what does the term “Yellow PeriP'apply? 

The immigration of Chinese and Japanese. 

7. How many Indians in our country? 

About 330,000. As many as at the time of Columbus. 

8. Name five reasons why so many are forsaking the farm and 
going to the city. 

Deadly monotony of life, lack of new methods of farming, 
few amusements, bad roads, poor schools. 

9. Describe the Farm Loan System. 

The United States is divided into twelve districts with a 
federal land bank in each district. 

In any neighborhood ten or more farmers may combine to 
form a national farm loan association, which may apply 
to the federal land bank in their district for a loan. The 
whole system is under the general direction of a Federal 
Farm Loan Board of five persons. 

10. What was the first real railroad in America? 

The Baltimore and Ohio, begun in 1828. 

11. When w’as the first railroad completed clear across the conti¬ 
nent? 

At Ogden, Utah, in 1869, was driven the last spike, com¬ 
pleting the Union Pacific and Central Pacific lines from 
Omaha to San Francisco. 

12. State some of the benefits of the three factors—trade, travel, 
and news. 

1. They enable us to be intelligent and to have a better 
understanding of the things that take place all over 


54 


\ MiHNUm OF CIVICS 


the world. ' '' 

2. They enable the business man to execute-great enter¬ 
prises. 

»>. 'riiey bind i\ (‘oinnniin’ty, a nation, and tbe world to¬ 
gether and produce a common interest in the things 
that concern all alike. 

13. What is perhaps the greatest single fofce in our whole his¬ 
tory? 

That.unresisting movement of our people westward. 

14. What class of workers will aKvays be in greatest demand in 
this country? Farmers. 

15. ► Marne' some new industries that are steadily being introduced 

in school courses. 

b Bookkeeping, stenography, printing, woodworking and 

metalworking, cooking, sewing, and home management. 
IG. What does Professor Clark give as tlie two causes of the-high 
cost of living? 

The exhausting of natural resources and the increase in 
the supply of gold. 

17. Which is in a better position t(j receive an increase in wages, 
the day laborer or the person who works on a salary? 

The former. 

18. What is the standard of living which every family ought to 
maintain? 

Food, and neatly kept clothing in sufficient amount, pro- 
■ ‘--i ' visions fora real home life, savings for doctor’s bills, pro¬ 
tection against the '’rainy day,” and some little amount 
for recreation'and culture. 

19. What was Thomas Jefferson’s phrasing of government? 

“That government is best whicb governs least.” 

20. What is the present idea of governments? - F 

To see to it that every one shall have an equal chance. 

21. Give some of the arguments in favor of government owner¬ 
ship of railroads, telegraphs, etc. " 

1. Tt will give the public better service at lower rates. 


\ MUNliHL OF CIVICS 


55 


22 . 


23. 


24. 


25. 

2(5. 


2. It will tend to check the tendency to concentrate 
wealth in the hands of the few. 

3. It will stop the corruption of public officials by pri¬ 
vate money. 

State some arguments against it. 

1. It would add an enormous burden of debt. 

2. It would bring hundreds of thousands more jobs into 
politics. 

3. The pressure would be such that no Civil Service sys¬ 
tem could be upheld. 

What is Socialism? 

Socialism today must be studied from magazines and 
newspapers rather than from any text book, but read 
many times what your author says about it. The world 
today seems to be rapidly dividing into two great classes 
—Radicals and Conservatives. See Webster’s definition 
and then ask yourself to which class you belong. 

What is the most important feature distinguishing the Oregon 
Constitution? 

1 . Direct legislation, or tlie Initiative. 

2. The Referendum—the power to approve or reject by 
vote laws passed by the Legislature. 

When was the Direct Primary Law passed? In 1904. 

Name important facts in connection with the Primary Law. 

1. All political parties polling at least twenty-five per 
cent of the entire State vote at the last election are 
required to nojuinate their candidates by the direct 
primary method. 

2. The petition must be signed by two per cent of the 
party in the city, county, or state, as the case may be. 

3. 4'be time for holding the primary election is the third 
Friday in May of even numbered years. 

Each party has Us own ballot, differing in color from 
the others. 


4 . 


56 


\ MANUAL Of CIVICS 


27. Name important facts in connection with the Corrupt Prac¬ 
tice Act. 

1. The expenditures of the candidate shall be limited to 
fifteen per cent of the salary of the office sought. 

2. Each candidate must make a sworn statement of his 
expenses within fifteen days after the election. 

3. It is unlawful on election day for any person to at¬ 
tempt to influence the vote of another; to hire vehi¬ 
cles to haul voters to and from the polls; to wear 
any political badge or insignia at the polls; or to 
make any wager at the election. 

28. Who may vote in Oregon? 

Any person twenty-one years of age or over, who has re¬ 
sided in the State six months immediately preceding the 
election. If an alien, he nmst have resided in tlie 
United States a year, and must have declared his inten¬ 
tion to become a citizen one year preceding the election. 
An alien woman marrying a citizen may vote. 

29. Discuss voting places. 

In .luly preceding the general election the county court 
divides the county into election precincts, each containing 
not more than three hundred voters. For county officers 
a person must vote in his own precinct; for State officers 
he ni-ay vote in any county in the State; for members of 
Congress he may vote in any county in his Congressional 
District. 









EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS. 


Civil Government ^ August 1916 

1. What is the true nature of government? 

2. What is theMifference between h pure democracy and a rep¬ 
resentative democracy? 

3. Which is more important, the nomination or the election of 
an official? Why? 

4. Name five duties of citizens. 

5. Explain the terms, “plantiff’’ and “defendant.” What is a 
“quarantine station?” 

6. What is the method of conducting our common schools? 

7. What are the advantages of good roads? 

8. Which is more important for us, a large army or a large navy? 

9. Explain the difference between direct taxes and indirect taxes? 

10. What are the powers and duties of the President? 

11. Explain the initiative and referendum. 

12. What do you understand is meant by patriotism? 

Answers ^ August 1916 

1. The keeping of peace and order. 

2. In a true democracy all the people help make the laws while 
in a representative democracy they elect representatives to 
make the laws. 

3. The election, because he has no power until he is elected. 

4. Vote, hold office, serve on juries, help to defend the country, 
pay taxes and obey the laws. 

5. Elantiff' is one who brings suit in a lavv case. Defendant is 
the one against whom suit is brought. 

A place in which immigrants into the United States are exam¬ 
ined to see that they have no contagious diseases. 

6. By State Board of Education, Superintendent of Public In¬ 
struction, County School Superintendents, and district school 
directors. 

7. They enable the farmer to bring his produce to town much 
cheaper. 

8. A large navy, because we have so much seacoast. 

9. Direct taxes are paid directly by the person taxed while in¬ 
direct taxes may be paid by several people, as tariff on goods 


EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS. 


shipped into the United States. 

10. See Article II, Sections II and III U. S. Constitution. 

11. They are devices fof obtaining direct legislation by the peo¬ 
ple in which 8 per cent of the voters have the right to initiate 
a measure aud 5 per cent to demand the referendum of any 
measure. Either of these when passed by the people imme¬ 
diately becomes a law. 

12. Love of one’s country. 

Civil Government *5^ January 1917 

1. a Who is President of the Oregon Senate? Who is Speaker 
of the Oregon House of Representatives? 

2. Name Oregon’s two Representatives in Congress. 

3. Name two amendments to the Oregon Constitution adopted 
in November ,1912. 

4. Fro m what funds is the school of your district supported'? 

5. Name three powers which under the Constitution are denied 
to the United States. 

6. Explain the manner in which the Constitution of the United 
States may be amended. 

7. Define treason, ex post facto and habeas corpus. 

8. Name three American ideals. 

9. Name three departments of our government. 

10. Give qualifications for a United States Senator. 

11. Name four powers of the Federal Government denied to the 
states. 

12. What is the citizen’s part in government? 

Answers ^ January 1917 

1. a Gus Moser. 6 INlr. Stanfield. 

2. Hawley, Sinnott, and McArthur. 

3. The prohibitionAmendment, and the St;ite-wide Tax and In- 
debtness Limitation Amendment. 

4. County tax, special district tax, escheats, and the irreducible 
school fund. 

5. It shall pot grant titles of nobility, pass ex post facto laws or 
•tax goods exported-fronr any state. 


EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS. 

(). See page 9 question St, this manual. . 

7. Treason consists in levjung war against the state, aiding or 
abetting her enemies. 

8. ' Liberty, equality of opportunity, patriotism. 

9. Legislative, Executive, Judicial.- 

10. Must be thirty years of age and must have been a citizen for 
nine years. 

11. See this manual page 7. 

12. 'to vote, hold office, and aid the government in every way pos¬ 
sible. 

Oivil 0(>> H>17^ 

1. State four important duties of a citizen. 

2. What is the difference between a pure democracy and a rep¬ 
resentative democracy? 

.2, What is the direct primary? 

4. State two of the advantages of a secret ballot. 

o. What is the difference between a civil and a criminal court? 

B. How many members in each.house of the Oregon Legislature? 

7. Describe briefly how a law is made. 

8. Name flve county officers, and state one important duty of 
each. 

9. tVhat is a forest reserve, and what restrictions are made by 
the United States Government upon land included in a forest 
reserve? 

10. Name three powers of the President of the United States. 

11. Write a short paragraph giving a summary of President 
Wilson’s message to Congress on April 9, 1917. 

12. Congress: Who presides over each house? In which house 
must all bills for raising revenue be first introduced? Give 
reason for this provision. 


EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS. 






]VIsi> U>IT 


1. Oifice iiolding, voting, jury service, payment of taxes. 

2. In a pure democracy all the people assemble at elections. 

In a representative democracy laws are made by representa¬ 
tives cliosen by tlie people. 

8. An eleclion at which the citizens themselves vote for whom 
they wish to be candidates of a party for office. 

4. It breaks down the influence of the rich and powerful. It 
does away with l)ribery and intimidation. 
i). Conviction in a criminal case subjects the prisoner to punish¬ 
ment in prison or fine. A civil case merely settles disputes or 
quarrels. 



House 

i bO. 


(). Senate 


7. See page 7 of this manual. 

8. Sheriff—sees that the laws are enforced. 

Clerk—issues marriage licenses. 

Treasurer—receives and pays out county money. 

As.sessor—makes a list of all taxable property in the county, 
.fudge—has charge of probate matters. 

9. A tnict of forest land set apart by the government to be re¬ 
served for future generations. 

Timl.ier may not be cut. 

Carel<‘SS''la.Yiiig (»f tires -is punished. 

Cattle may be grazedon certain conditions. 

10. lo veto lulls, to commute and pardon, to dismiss his cabinet 
members. 

12. \'ice President over the Senate. Speaker over the House. 

Oivil OoxM iiiiioiit 11MT 

1. What do you understand by a direct primary election? 

Give some of its advantages. 

2. What is the civil service, and what are its advantages? 




EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS. 


3. Who has the pardoning power in the state government? 

• In the federal government? 

4. Name five of your county officers, and name one important 
duty of each. 

5. Give two ways in which a law may be enacted in Oregon. 

()., When is the next primary election to be held in Oregon? 

The next general election? 

7. Who are each of the following: Mr. Hoover, Colonel House, 
Geneial l^ershing, Mr. Chamberlin, Miss Rankin? 

8. What do you understand by smuggling, habeas corpus, bail, 
quarantine, treaty? 

9. Name three kinds of taxes and tell how they are imposed. 

10. When will the Oregon legislature meet again in regular ses¬ 
sion? 

11. Explain what is being done toward tlie improvement of roads 
in Oregon. 

12. Name three important measures that have been before Con¬ 
gress during the present session. 

A. Ueoeiiifeei* 

1. A direct primary is a meeting of the citizens of a small elec¬ 
tion district or precinct at wdiich they vote for candidates of 
their clioice. 

It enables the people to nominate clean candidates. It does 
away with'the old method of “wire pulling” by politicians. 

2. The United States Civil Service includes all government em¬ 
ployees except those belonging to the army and navy, and 
those whose services are directly required by the legislative 
and judicial departments. It includes more than 400,OCO 
persons. It does away with the “spoils” system, more capa¬ 
ble men are employed, tenure of office is during good behav¬ 
ior. 

3. State, Governor. Federal, President. 

4. See Oregon Blue Book. 


EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS. 


5. By the State J.egislatiire. By the initiative. 

(). (a) On the third Friday in May of even numbered years. ; 

(b) On tlie Tuesday after the first Monday in December. 

7. Mr. Hoover is at the head of the Food Commission. 

Colonel Ho\ise is the President’s private ad.viser. 

General Pershing commands the American army in Europe. 
Mr. Chamberlin is one of our United States Senators. 

Miss Rankin is (was) United States Representative from 
Montana. 

8. Smuggling consists in importing foreign goods without paying 
the duty. Habeas corpus is a written order that a person be 
brought before a court to inquire into the cause of his impris¬ 
onment. Bail is “security” for the appearance of the accused 
at his trial. A treaty is an agreement between two or more 
nations. 

9. Direct tax, pnid directly by the person. 

Indirect tax, paid by persons buying imported goods. 
Inheritance tax, levied on inherited property. 

10. On the second Monday in January of odd-numbered years. 

11. The State Government and the Federal Government have 
united in a plan of investing many millions in hard surface 
roads, 

12. War Legislation. Shipbuihling. Idberty Bonds. 

Oivil t 1<>1^ 

1. What is a franchise and how is it obtained? 

2. I)escril)e iln^ war work of the Red Cross and the Y. M. C. A. 
8. Wliatdoyou understand by the conservation of our natural 

resources? 

4. Describe some of the plans that are being made to assist our 
soldic'i’s who return from Europe. 

5. Are the territories represented in congress? 

(). Name the principal ways in which the present war is being 
financed. 


EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS. 


7. Name three departments of our state government. 

8. What do you understand by the direct primary law? 

9. What is tlie date of the next general election in Oregon? 

10. Name the officers of the state board of education. 

11. What is the difference between a pure democracy and a rep- 
sen tat i v e d e m () c ra cy ? 

12. What do you understand by’extradition, ambassador, treaty, 
jury, veto? 

A.iijswoi’.'s ^SoptOl^ll>or' H>18 

1. The contract of a city or town with a corporation ^ by which 
the latter is given the right to use the public streets for rail¬ 
way tracks, electric light and telephone poles, and similar 
purposes. It it is obtained from the city council. 

2. They established 1 omes at all camp? both at home and abroad 
and did much to relieve the suffering both of friend and foe. 

3. The term has reference to the efforts of the government to 
preserve the timber, coal and water power of our country 
from the greed of profiteers. 

4. Perhaps the most important is the educational plan which al¬ 
lows each twenty-five dollars for a four year course in school. 

5. Yes, by delegates who may speak in the House, but they have 
no vote. 

(). By selling bonds and by taxation. 

7. Legislative, executive and judicial. 

8. See answer to question one, December 1917. 

9. The Tuesday after the first Monday of even years. 

10. Governor, Secretary of State, Superintendent of Public In¬ 
struction. 

11. In a pure democracy all the voters assemble at the legislature. 
In a representative democracy they choose perions to make 
the laws. 

Extradition means the handing over of an arrested person by 


12 . 


EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS. 


one state to the authorities of another. 

Ambassadors are persons who represent the political interests 
of a nation in a foreign country. 

Treaty; an agreement between two or more nations 

Jury consists of a number of peisons who decide on the guilt 

or innocence of an accused person. 

Veto; 'T forbid.” Refusing to sign a law. 

Oivil t ,Tsiinim\v 

1. (a) When and where will the next regular meeting of the 
Oregon legislature be held? (b) How many members are 
there in the Senate? In the House? 

2. Name three members of the Oregon legislature from youi 
district, ami state to which branch they were elected. 

3. Define the following, as used in the legislature: Bill, veto, 
committee, speaker, calendar. 

4. In our recent national elections, what party secured a rnjority 
in the Senate? In the House? 

5. What is nxanl by i ach of the foilwing:* Extradition, arson, 
bail, mitualization, censorship? 

C). Explain the ditl'erence between the city council and the city 
commission form of government. 

7. Name five of the principal duties of the President of the 
United States. 

8. When will the next congress of the United States meet in reg¬ 
ular session? 

h. Name at least three matters of national importance that have 
recently occupied the attention of Oongre.ss. 

10. (a) How !uany men did we semi to France in the recent war? 
(hi Name a battle in which the American boys took part. 

11. Give an evample of a direct tax : of an indirect tax. 

12. Make a written .statement of not less than fifty words, telling 
why 3a)U think we should or should not have military train- 


EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS. 




iiig in oiir scliools. 

A.ii!«!ivvei*5« •T.iiititii'y ”10 

1. At Salem, on the second Monday in January of odd years. 

'Idle Senate consists of 30 members, the House of 80. 

*2. See the Oregon Blue Book. 

3. A bill is a proposed law. 

Veto is the refusal of a presiding officer to sign’ a law. 

'riie Speaker is the presiding officer in the House of Repre- 
sentatives. 

Calendar is a list C)f hills to be considered. 

4. Republicans in both. 

o. Extradition see Septeiriber 1918. Arson, malicious burning 
of a building or ship. Bail, see December 19l7. Natraliza- 
tion, the process by which a foreigner becomes a citizen. 
Censorship, refusal of permission to write or print matter 
considered dangerous. 

8. In the former the oadinances of the city arc made by tlic 
council. In the latter the powers of the city government are 
exercised by a small commission chosen by the voters of the 
city. 

7. See this manual pages 11 and 12. 

8. First Monday in December. 

9. Recnstruction. Peace treaty. Strikes. 

10. More than two million. Chateau Thiery. 

11. Tax on land or personal property. 

The tax paid when we buy foreign goods. 

Oi> il t ’’11> 

OREGON LEGISLATURE 

1. Give the names of the men now representing your county in 
the legislature. 



EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS. 


2. (ji) How many members in the Senate and how many in the. 
House of Representatives? (i)) Give the name of the pre- 
sidingc olficer in the Senate. In the House of Representatives. 

3. A bill is introduced into the H(.u^e. What might be the suc¬ 
cessive steps in its passage l)efore it becomes a law? 

4. How may a measure become a law in Oregon without its 
ever being introduced into the legislature? 

V. S. CONGRESS. 

o. Name four powers delegated to congress and denied to the 
states. 

b. Name the senators from Oregon and the representative in the 
House frvom your district. 

T. Who must finally ratify any treaty made by the United States 
with Geionany? 

8. How long is congress in session? What is the number of the 
preset it congress? 

GENERAL. 

9. What propose 1 amendment to the constitution of the United 
States is now up to tlio legislatures of the several states for 
their ratification or rejectioti? 

10. Briefly outline the plan of the selective draft. 

if. Defin3 autocracy, democracy, bolshevism. 

12. Tell why it is so necessary that the citizens of a democracy be 
educated. 

FeHi-.isis y ”J<> 

1. 8e ‘ Oregon Rlue Book. 

2. Senate 31). (a) House 60. (b) Senate W. T. Vinton, 

t onse S'^ymour Jo.ies. 




EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS. 


8. Tractically the same manner as a hill in U. S. Congress. 

4. Through the Initiative. 

5. To declare war; to coin mone^^; to regulate commerce; to 
maintain a navy. 

(). Senators, Gporge Chamberlin and Charles IMc Nary. 

Representatives, Willis Hawley 1st ; N. J. Sinnot 2(1.; C. N. 
Me Arthur 3d. 

7. The Senate. 

8. This (short) session expires on March 4. Sixty-sixth. 

9. Eciual suffrage for women. 

10. An impartial method of securing soldiers l)y drawtng lots. 

11. Autocracy—power in hands of one. 

Democracy—power in hands of people 

Balshevism—power in the hands of the Soviets —groups some-, 
what similar to our county commissioners. 

12. All power is in the hands of the government, and ignorant 
people are not capable of self government. 

Oivil 

1. What is a forest reserve‘s Why necessary, and how used? 
Name and locate one in Oregon. 

2. How are treaties arranged? How ratified? 

3. What is meant by a league of nations? Who is the chief 
advocate of the league? 

4. Define commerce; imports; exports ; passport; consul. 

;■). State briefly the difference between a democracy and an au¬ 
tocracy. What is necessary to the success of a democracy. 

6. Name the three departments of our government. Give thc' 
purpos(3 of each. 

7. Give'”three powers of the President. Give two powers of 
Congress that the ih’e.^ident does not have. 

8. Give the necessary, steps for a bill to become a law. 

9. The governor of Oregon died a short time ago. How was the 
vacancy filled? Who is now governor? 


EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS. 


10. Name the United States Senators from Oregon, and the rep¬ 
resentative in the House for your district. 

11. The county court is composed of what officers? What busi¬ 
ness comes before the county court? 

12. Who presides over the circuit court? What cases are tried 
in tJie circuit court? 


.VllSWei'JSi 

1. A body of timber withdrawn from settlement. To conserve 
water supply and timber for future generations. The mature timber is 
sold and the land is leased for pasture. Cascade, central section of 
Cascade Mountains. 

2. Arranged by the President, through the Secretary of State. 
Rati lied by the Senate. 

3. A union of all the nations of the world for mutual protection 
and advancement. Its cheaf advocate is Woodrow Wilson. 

4. Commerce is exchange of goods. Imports are goods brought 
into the country. Exports are goods sent out of the country. A pass¬ 
port is a written permission given by the government, to a person to 
travel in a foreign country. A consul is a person who looks after our 
interests in some particular locality of a foreign country. 

5. See answer to question Ll, February 1919. Education. 

b. Legislative—law making. Executive—law enforcing. Judi¬ 
cial—law interpreting. 

7. Commander of Army and Navy. Pardoning of federal 
offenders. Discharging cabinet officers. 

Declaring war. Coining money. 

8. See page 7, of this manual. 

9. By the Secretary of State. Ben W. Olcott. 

10. See answer to question 6, February 1919. 

11. Of a County Judge and two commissioners. 

Equalizing the tax assessments; supervising roads and 
bridges; apportions the state tax. 


EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS. 


12. Circuit .Judge. Oases which arise under the federal consti* 
tuticm—selling liquor to Indians etc. 

Oivil Ciovoi’iiiiioiit June 

1. What is a mint? What is counterfeiting? 

2. Describe two ways of sending money by mail. 

3. Describe two forms of taxation. Define smuggling. 

4. What is the county seat of your county? What county offices 
are located there? 

5. What is a commission? Name two in Oregon and defin(“ 
their duties. 

6. Define: Veto, lobby, electoral college, charter, impeachment. 

7. Describe the United States Supreme Court. What cases may 
be taken to this court? 

8. Name five powers of Congress. 

9. How may the constitution of the United States be amended? 

10. What are the duties of the Sheriff? Of the County Clerk? 

11. Name two measures that were voted on at the special election 
on June third. Give arguments favoring one of these. 

12. Who were entitled to vote at the special election? Why are 
voters required to register? 

K f-H June 1011> 

1. A mint is a factory for coining and stamping money. 
Counterfeiting is coining or stamping money without licens3. 

2. By postal money order. By registered letter 

3. Direct taxation in which the assessor estimates the value of 
the taxable property and levies a fixed per cent on each owner. 
Indirect tax paid on goods brought into this country. Smuggling con¬ 
sists in bringing goods to the country without paying the duty. 

4. See Oregon Blue Book. 

5. A commission is a company of persons enjoined to perform 
some duty, or execute some trust. State Tax Commission; State 



EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS. 


Highway Commission. 

C). Veto, I forbid. Lobby, part of a hall of legislation not ap¬ 
propriated to the official use of the assembly. Also a group of persons 
collectively who frequent such a place to influence legislation. 

Electoral College is the name given to the body of Presidential electors 
chosen in each state. We now have 48 electoral colleges. Charter- 
a written instrument, from the soverign power of a state, bestowing 
rights, franchises, or privileges. Impeachment is the act of charging 
a high official of a crime. 

7. See page 1.6 of this manual. 

8. See page 7 of this manual. 

9. See page 9 of this manual. 

10. Collect taxes, and preserve order. County Clerk keeps a 
record of the business of the Probate Court, and issues marriage licences. 

11. Roosevelt highway bill. Soldier’s educational bill. 

12. Any legal voter. To prevent, fraud. 

Oi> il Oovoi-miioiit J55oi>toinlt>oi« 

1. What is a forest ranger? What are his duties? 

2. What is a national park? Name two. 

8. What is a game warden? What are his duties? 

4. What is a “boycott?” Is it just? 

o. Why Ts a large navy of greater importance for us than a 
large army? 

6. When in your judgment is war justifiable? 

7. Is military drill in schools advisable? Give reasons. 

. 8 . Why should a wealthy man who has no children be taxed for 
school purposes? 

9. Show the value of a pure food law. 

10. How can a foreigner become a citizen of Oregon? 

11. President Wilson and the allies have negotiated a treaty 
with Germany. How may it become a law in the United States? 

, ,12. Who is president of the United States senate? When can he 
vote? 





EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS 


Answers *3^ September 1919 

1. A person employed by the government to keep watch over the 
forests. His duties are to look out for fires, to report the same, and 
aid in extinguishing them. 

2. Territory set apart and reserved by the government on ac¬ 
count of its beauty or gran dure. Yosernity and Crater Lake. 

3. One employed by the governmei\t to look after wild game. 
His duties are to arrest and prosecute persons killing game out of sea¬ 
son. 

4. An agreement by a number to refuse any dealings with a cer¬ 
tain person or firm. No. 

5. In order to protect our extensive sea coast and our foreign 
possessions. 

6. In defense of right and of our country. 

7. Answers will vary. There is good argument pro and con. 

8. The public school is the hope of the nation which protects his 
property. 

9. It protects the public by guarding the market and prevent¬ 
ing the sale of any article deleterious to health. 

10. By first becoming a citizen of the United States and taking 
up his residence in Oregon. 

11. By being ratified by two thirds of the Senate. 

12. The Vice President. Only when there is a tie. 

Civil Government ^ January 1920 

1. Name the United States senators from Oregon, and one 
member of the lower house from this state. 

2. How do we get money to support the public schools? 

3. Name the three departments of our government. 

4. What is a treaty? How is a treaty arranged? How ratified? 

5. Name some duties of a citizen. 

6. What is a political party? What are the leading political 
parties in Oregon? 


EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS 


7. Name five duties or powers of Congress. 

8. Where must all bills for raising revenue originate? 

9. What do you understand by “Mob Law”? 

1(). What do you regard as the leading question before Congress 
at the present time? 

11. What were some of the reasons given for calling an extra 
session of the Oregon legislature? 

12. Nanie the two departments of the Oregon legislature. 

Ansvs^ers ^ • January 1920 

1. Senators McN-ary and Stanfield. Represeidative W. C. 

Hawley. 

2. Chiefly from iiderest on money obtained from the sale of 
school land, from fines, escheats and gifts, and also by taxation. 

8. fjCgislative, executive, and judicial. 

4. An agreement between two nations. By the Bresichnd.. 

By the Senate. 

5. To uphold the governmeid, to vote, and to hold office. 

(i. An organized body of persons holding the same political 
views and working together for the purpose of securing coidrol of the 
government. Democrat and Republican. 

7. To pass laws, to coin money, to establish post offices, to reg¬ 
ulate commerce, to borrow money. 

8. In the Hc)use of Representatives. 

9. Law administered by a mob. (Webst(M’» 

10. The League of Nations. 

11. To amend the Workmen’s Compensation Act. 47) vote on 
capital punishment. To ratify the 19th amendment. 

12. Senate and House of Representatives. 

Civil Government ^ May 1920 

1. Define or explain: platform, recall, convention, treason, 
political party. 

2. Explain fully the initiative and referendum. 


EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS 


8. Name the United States Senators from Oregon and give their 
qualifications. 

4. How are presidential candidates nominated? 

5. Explain what is meant by conservation of mineral and timber 
resources. 

6. What bill for the benefitthe public schools is to be voted 
on at the next primary election? 

7. Name the departments of our state government. 

8. Give five powers of congress. 

9. What is a treaty? How made? How ratified? 

10. How many state senators and representatives has Oregon? 

11. Give the various steps by which a bill may become a la\v in 
Oregon. 

12. Whnt is an electoral college? How are the number of electors 
determined? 

Answers ^ May 1920 

1. A platform is the declaration of the principles upon which a 
party stands. Recall is a device for giving the voters an opportunity 
1o deprive a certain officer of his office before his time expires. A con¬ 
vention is an'assembly of the voters of a body either in person or by 
representatives called delegates. Treason consists in levying war a- 
gainst a state or aiding its enemies. A political party is an organized 
body of persons holding the same political views and working together 
for the purpose of securing control of the government. 

2. They are politic^al devices for obtaining direct legislation by 
the people. The initiative is a power reserved to the people by which 8 
per cent of the legal voters shall have the right to propose any measure, 
and 15 per cent the right to propose amendments to the Constitution. 
The referendum may be proposed either by petition of 5 per cent of the 
legal voters or by the legislature. Any measure referred to the people 
by the initiative or referendum, when approved by the people, shall 
take efPect at once, without the signature of the governor. 

3. J.N. Stanfield and Ohas. McNary. Must be 30 years.of age. 


EIGHTH GRADE DIPLOMAS 


Must be nine years a citizen of the United States. Most be an inhab¬ 
itant of the state from which elected. 

4. By national conventions of their respective parties. 

5. Withholding them from settlement or sale. 

6. The Elementary School Tax bill. 

7. Legislative, executive, and judicial. 

8. To pass laws, to coin money, to establish post offices, to regu¬ 
late commerce, to borrow money. 

9. An agreement between two nations. By the President. By 
the Senate. 

10. Thirty senators and sixty representatives. 

11. It may be passed by the legislature and signed by the govern¬ 
or. It may be passed by the legislature and referred to the people 
and if sanctioned it immediately becomes a law. It may be initiated 
and passed by the people, in which case it immediately becomes a law. 

12. It comprises entire number of Presidential electors. The 

number is determined by the number of senators and representatives 
in congress. 















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